Posts by John

A Zener diode is a specially doped p-n junction diode designed to operate in reverse breakdown and maintain a stable voltage.

A tunnel diode is a heavily doped p-n junction diode that uses quantum tunneling to produce negative resistance. This guide explains its working principle, characteristics, and applications.

Test a diode in forward and reverse bias. A good diode shows a normal forward voltage drop and blocks current in reverse; abnormal readings usually indicate a bad diode.

A diode is a semiconductor component that mainly allows current to flow in one direction, while a resistor is a passive component that limits current in a circuit.

Understand how capacitors fail in real circuits, how to identify early warning signs, and how better component sourcing and PCBA assembly help improve product reliability.

Learn how to discharge a capacitor safely with a resistor, discharge tool, and multimeter verification. Follow practical safety steps before handling capacitors.

Use this SMD capacitor size chart to compare common size codes, imperial and metric dimensions, MLCC packages, tantalum case codes, aluminum electrolytic sizes, and PCB assembly selection tips.

Learn how to test a capacitor and check if it is bad using a multimeter, ESR meter, LED test, and oscilloscope. Includes safety steps, failure signs, and replacement tips.

This article covers four common capacitor types—tantalum, aluminum electrolytic, glass, and ceramic—and explains their pros, cons, and typical applications.