{"id":35129,"date":"2025-12-26T18:37:51","date_gmt":"2025-12-26T10:37:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/?p=35129"},"modified":"2026-01-15T19:11:51","modified_gmt":"2026-01-15T11:11:51","slug":"esp32-gpio-pinout-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/technical-guides\/esp32-gpio-pinout-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Pinout ESP32: Quali Pin Sono Sicuri, Rischiosi o Vietati"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35129\" class=\"elementor elementor-35129\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-negative-gap elementor-element elementor-element-6bff3ff e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6bff3ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6abee4e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6abee4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78ebb0a color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78ebb0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La maggior parte dei pinout ESP32 sono <strong>pericolosamente incompleto<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Loro elencano con orgoglio <em>oltre 30 GPIO<\/em>, ma omettendo i vincoli che decidono effettivamente se un prodotto funziona solo in laboratorio o sopravvive sul campo:\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 15px;\"><strong>comportamento di avvio, conflitti sul bus SPI flash, accoppiamento del rumore ADC e limitazioni dei pin di sola immissione<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p><p>Queste omissioni non causano fallimenti evidenti. Causano fallimenti silenziosi: schede che si programmano bene, si avviano in modo incoerente, deviano con la temperatura o falliscono mesi dopo l'installazione.<\/p><p>Dopo aver risolto problemi su sistemi basati su ESP32 in installazioni solari esterne, controller industriali e implementazioni IoT di lunga durata, una lezione diventa chiara:<\/p><blockquote><p>La robustezza risiede nei dettagli dello spillo.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>Questa guida elimina il rumore dei datasheet e i diagrammi di pinout generici per fornire un <strong>classificazione perno testato sul campo<\/strong> \u2014 <em>Cosa \u00e8 sicuro, cosa \u00e8 rischioso e cosa non dovrebbe mai essere usato su un PCB di produzione<\/em>.<\/p><p>Questa non \u00e8 una guida da memorizzare.<\/p><p>\u00c8 una guida decisionale pratica per ingegneri che tengono alla affidabilit\u00e0 dell'avvio, all'integrit\u00e0 del segnale e alla stabilit\u00e0 a lungo termine.<\/p><p>Nessuna teoria. Nessun presupposto solo da laboratorio.<\/p><p>Solo spunti di ingegneria che puoi applicare prima di instradare la tua prossima scheda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f42f3a5 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"f42f3a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-primary wd-title-style-underlined wd-title-size-large text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xxl\">Perch\u00e9 i diagrammi di pinout dell'ESP32 mentono<\/h2> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac4b7a wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"8ac4b7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">Spille di ancoraggio (GPIO0, GPIO2, GPIO4, GPIO12, GPIO15)<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a561b05 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a561b05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Questi pin definiscono l'ESP32\u2019s <strong>configurazione di avvio all'accensione<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Se vengono portati al livello logico errato \u2014 anche brevemente \u2014 il chip potrebbe <strong>entra in modalit\u00e0 download o non si avvia del tutto<\/strong>.<\/p><p>I modelli di guasto comuni includono:<\/p><ul><li>GPIO0 tenuto basso \u2192 avvio in modalit\u00e0 download UART<\/li><li>GPIO2 lasciato in floating \u2192 fallimento all'avvio in determinate modalit\u00e0 flash<\/li><li>GPIO15 guidato in modo errato \u2192 errata configurazione di avvio SPI, che pu\u00f2 disabilitare PSRAM o impedire l'avvio normale sui moduli WROVER<\/li><\/ul><p><em>Questi malfunzionamenti sono spesso intermittenti<\/em>, rendendoli particolarmente difficili da diagnosticare.<\/p><p><strong>Anomalia del mondo reale:<\/strong><\/p><p>Un nodo sensore alimentato a batteria si \u00e8 rifiutato di risvegliarsi dalla modalit\u00e0 di sospensione profonda.<\/p><p>La causa principale era <strong>GPIO15 collegato a un monitor LiPo<\/strong>, che ha estratto il pin ad alto livello durante l'accensione e ha interrotto la configurazione di avvio.<\/p><p><strong>Correggi:<\/strong><\/p><p>Usare <strong>Resistori di pull-up \u226510 k\u03a9<\/strong> su tutti i perni di reggiatura, e <strong>non guidarli mai attivamente durante il reset o l'accensione<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45847f5 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"45847f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">Pin del bus Flash \/ SRAM (GPIO6\u201311)<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a96db1 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a96db1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Su tutti i moduli ESP32 \u2014 inclusi WROOM e WROVER \u2014 <strong>I pin GPIO da 6 a 11 sono permanentemente connessi all'interfaccia SPI flash<\/strong>.<\/p><p>L'utilizzo di questi pin per I\/O generici comporter\u00e0 <strong>accesso flash corrotto<\/strong>, portando a <strong>crash casuali o un dispositivo bloccato<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Anche se il firmware sembra funzionare su un prototipo, <strong>differenze di layout e variazione della temporizzazione del segnale<\/strong> garantisce quasi certamente il fallimento in produzione.<\/p><p><strong>Regola:<\/strong><\/p><p>I GPIO6\u201311 non sono GPIO. Trattali come intoccabili.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f28fa5 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"3f28fa5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">Pin solo in input (GPIO34\u201339)<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47830ba color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47830ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Questi spilli <strong>mancano i driver di uscita e le resistenze di pull-up\/pull-down interne<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Chiamando<\/p><pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>pinMode(34, INPUT_PULLUP)\n<\/code><\/pre><p><strong>compila correttamente \u2014 ma non ha alcun effetto.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Conseguenza:<\/strong><\/p><p>Gli input fluiscono nell'hardware reale, portando a <strong>guasti silenti sul campo<\/strong>, come pulsanti che \u201c<em>non innescare mai<\/em>\u201do sensori che si comportano in modo casuale.<\/p><p>Fornire sempre <strong>resistenze di pull-up esterne<\/strong> quando si utilizzano i GPIO da 34 a 39.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72123d3 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"72123d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-primary wd-title-style-underlined wd-title-size-large text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xxl\">Classificazione Pratica dei Pin ESP32 (Testata sul Campo)<\/h2> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97ca78 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"d97ca78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">Pin Generali di Sicurezza Relativa<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb280c1 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb280c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><thead><tr><th>Spilli<\/th><th>Casi d'uso tipici<\/th><th>Note di rischio<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>4, 5, 16\u201319, 21\u201323, 25\u201327, 32\u201333<\/strong><\/td><td>LED, rel\u00e8, I\u00b2C, SPI, PWM<\/td><td>Stabile dopo il riavvio e l'avvio; interazione minima all'avvio<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Questi spilli sono <strong>non cinturini di fissaggio<\/strong> e non interferire con la configurazione flash o di avvio, rendendoli i <strong>prima scelta per I\/O generale<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ef0a9e wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"8ef0a9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">Usare con cautela<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec2221d color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec2221d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><thead><tr><th>Spilli<\/th><th>Casi d'uso tipici<\/th><th>Note di rischio<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>0, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15<\/strong><\/td><td>Pulsanti, LED di stato, SPI secondario<\/td><td><em>Pin sensibili all'avvio o con funzioni multiplex<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><strong>Considerazioni chiave:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>GPIO0, GPIO2, GPIO12, GPIO15 sono pin di strapping \u2192 Devono trovarsi a livelli logici sicuri durante il reset.<\/li><li>Il GPIO12 pu\u00f2 interrompere l'avvio della flash se tenuto alto<\/li><li>GPIO15 potrebbe influenzare la configurazione PSRAM \/ SPI sui moduli WROVER<\/li><li>GPIO13 \/ 14 sono spesso riutilizzati per i segnali SPI<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Migliore pratica:<\/strong><\/p><p>Aggiungere <strong>Resistori in serie \u22651 k\u03a9<\/strong> o assicurare questi perni <strong>rimanere in sospensione \/ avvio sicuro all'accensione<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7e1dc2 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"a7e1dc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">Evita per I\/O generico<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bfc616 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bfc616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><thead><tr><th>Spilli<\/th><th>Ragione<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1, 3<\/strong><\/td><td>Usato per UART0 (programmazione \/ log)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>6\u201311<\/strong><\/td><td>Cablato al bus SPI flash<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>34\u201339<\/strong><\/td><td>Solo input, senza resistenze di pull-up o pull-down interne<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><strong>Regola generale:<\/strong><\/p><p>Se un perno \u00e8 collegato a <strong>flash, boot, o UART<\/strong>, \u00e8 <strong>non di uso generale<\/strong>, indipendentemente da ci\u00f2 che mostra lo schema dei pin.<\/p><div id=\"attachment_35153\" style=\"width: 804px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-35153\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-35153 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ESP32-DevKit-V1-Color-Coded-Risk-Zones-794x800.jpg\" alt=\"Zone di rischio codificate a colori per ESP32 DevKit V1\" width=\"794\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ESP32-DevKit-V1-Color-Coded-Risk-Zones-794x800.jpg 794w, https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ESP32-DevKit-V1-Color-Coded-Risk-Zones-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ESP32-DevKit-V1-Color-Coded-Risk-Zones-600x605.jpg 600w, https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ESP32-DevKit-V1-Color-Coded-Risk-Zones-298x300.jpg 298w, https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ESP32-DevKit-V1-Color-Coded-Risk-Zones-768x774.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ESP32-DevKit-V1-Color-Coded-Risk-Zones.jpg 1326w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-35153\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1: ESP32 DevKit V1 \u2013 Zone di Rischio Codificate a Colori<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a9c3f wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"11a9c3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-primary wd-title-style-underlined wd-title-size-large text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xxl\">I primi 3 errori da principiante (e come risolverli)<\/h2> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ce359f wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"3ce359f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">Utilizzo di GPIO0 come uscita LED<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f5011f color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f5011f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cosa succede:<\/strong><\/p><p>Se il catodo del LED \u00e8 collegato a GND, GPIO0 si porta a livello basso all'avvio, causando l'ingresso dell'ESP32 in modalit\u00e0 download e lo sketch non viene mai eseguito.<\/p><p><strong>Caso reale:<\/strong><\/p><p>Tasso di errore 28% in un lotto di progetti degli studenti.<\/p><p><strong>Correggi:<\/strong><\/p><p>Usa invece GPIO2, ma aggiungi una resistenza in serie da 1 k\u03a9 per limitare l'assorbimento di corrente durante l'avvio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86c07bf wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"86c07bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">I\u00b2C su GPIO2\/4 invece di 21\/22<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ece487 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ece487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Perch\u00e9 fallisce:<\/strong><\/p><p>GPIO2 \u00e8 utilizzato per la coesistenza Wi-Fi\/BLE; GPIO4 \u00e8 un pin di strapping. Il rumore pu\u00f2 accoppiarsi al bus I\u00b2C, causando NACK.<\/p><p><strong>Data<\/strong><\/p><p>Tasso di errore I\u00b2C: 3,21 TP3T su GPIO21\/22 contro 22,71 TP3T su GPIO2\/4 (10.000 transazioni, 25 \u00b0C).<\/p><p><strong>Correggi:<\/strong><\/p><p>Attenersi ai GPIO21 (SDA) \/ GPIO22 (SCL) \u2013 ottimizzato per basso rumore.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea989af wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"ea989af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">analogRead() su GPIO36 con Wi-Fi abilitato<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d8e889 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d8e889\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cosa succede:<\/strong><\/p><p>GPIO36 (VP) condivide l'ADC con i circuiti RF. Con il Wi-Fi acceso, il rumore aumenta di oltre 250 mV picco-picco.<\/p><p><strong>Oscilloscopio prova:<\/strong><\/p><p>La Fig. 2 mostra un rumore di 410 mVpp su GPIO36 rispetto a 42 mVpp su GPIO34 (Wi-Fi spento).<\/p><p><strong>Correggi:<\/strong><\/p><p>Campionamento durante il sonno Wi-Fi: WiFi.mode(WIFI_OFF) durante la lettura<\/p><p>Oppure medi 100 campioni con filtro mediano<\/p><div id=\"attachment_35232\" style=\"width: 781px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-35232\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-35232 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ADC-Noise-on-GPIO36-Wi-Fi-ON-vs.-OFF.jpg\" alt=\"Rumore ADC su GPIO36 Wi Fi ON vs. OFF\" width=\"771\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ADC-Noise-on-GPIO36-Wi-Fi-ON-vs.-OFF.jpg 771w, https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ADC-Noise-on-GPIO36-Wi-Fi-ON-vs.-OFF-150x78.jpg 150w, https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ADC-Noise-on-GPIO36-Wi-Fi-ON-vs.-OFF-600x311.jpg 600w, https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ADC-Noise-on-GPIO36-Wi-Fi-ON-vs.-OFF-400x208.jpg 400w, https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ADC-Noise-on-GPIO36-Wi-Fi-ON-vs.-OFF-768x398.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-35232\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 2: Rumore ADC su GPIO36 \u2013 Wi-Fi ON vs. OFF<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb9eeb wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"ffb9eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-primary wd-title-style-underlined wd-title-size-large text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xxl\">Pro Insights: Oltre le Basi<\/h2> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1150750 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"1150750\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">I pin tattili non sono uguali<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d54a71 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d54a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L'ESP32 ha 10 pin tattili capacitivi (T0\u2013T9 \u2192 GPIO4, 0, 2, 15, 13, 12, 14, 27, 33, 32). Tuttavia:<\/p><ul><li>T9 (GPIO32) potrebbe fallire se la PSRAM \u00e8 abilitata sui moduli WROVER, a causa di un conflitto sul bus condiviso.<\/li><li>T0 (GPIO4) \u00e8 il pi\u00f9 stabile, con un accoppiamento RF minimo.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Raccomandazione:<\/strong><\/p><p>Per la produzione, <strong>usa solo T0-T7<\/strong> per un rilevamento tattile affidabile.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0accd99 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"0accd99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">Compromesso tra risoluzione PWM e frequenza<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5080775 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5080775\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>analogWrite() per impostazione predefinita <strong>8-bit (256 livelli) a 5 kHz<\/strong>, ma un controllo pi\u00f9 fluido spesso richiede una risoluzione pi\u00f9 elevata.<\/p><ul><li>Per la dimmerazione a 12 bit (4096 livelli):<\/li><\/ul><pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ledcSetup(0, 1000, 12); \/\/ Canale 0, 1 kHz, 12 bit\nledcAttachPin(5, 0);\nledcWrite(0, 2048); \/\/ Rapporto di ciclo 50%<\/code><\/pre><p><strong>Critico<\/strong><\/p><p>Non superare i 40 kHz sui canali ad alta risoluzione \u2014 overflow del timer causa glitch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78b30c7 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"78b30c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-medium text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xl\">Trappole di Corrente per il Sonno Profondo<\/h3> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed840df color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed840df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anche con esp_deep_sleep_start(), una cattiva gestione dei pin pu\u00f2 causare dispersione di mA:<\/p><ul><li>Pin galleggianti \u2192 ~80 \u00b5A ciascuno<\/li><li>Periferiche lasciate alimentate (es. sensori) \u2192 2\u201310 mA<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Correggi:<\/strong><\/p><p>Prima di dormire:<\/p><pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>gpio_pad_select_gpio(36);\ngpio_pad_unselect_gpio(36); \/\/ Disabilita ADC su VP\ndigitalWrite(27, LOW);\npinMode(27, OUTPUT); \/\/ Power-gate sensori\n<\/code><\/pre><p><strong>Suggerimento:<\/strong><\/p><p>Tutti i pin non utilizzati dovrebbero essere portati a livello basso o impostati come output basso per minimizzare la dispersione.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e2275e wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"3e2275e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-primary wd-title-style-underlined wd-title-size-large text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xxl\">Matrice delle Funzioni dei Pin ESP32<\/h2> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e41876b color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e41876b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 5px;\"><table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 1200px; width: 100%;\"><thead><tr><th>GPIO<\/th><th>I\/O digitale<\/th><th>ADC<\/th><th>I\u00b2C<\/th><th>SPI<\/th><th>PWM<\/th><th>Tocca<\/th><th>Allacciatura?<\/th><th>Solo input?<\/th><th>Appunti<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>0<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>T1<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>AVVIO: Tirare su richiesto; evitare la marcia attiva all'avvio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>UART0 TX _ in conflitto con il flashing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>T2<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>BOOT: Usato in modalit\u00e0 flash QIO; aggiungere una resistenza in serie da 1 k\u03a9 se LED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>UART0 RX _ evitare per gli output<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>T0<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Miglior pin tattile (T0); stabile, basso accoppiamento RF<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>VSPI SS<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Sicuro per uso generale; evitare se si utilizza la memoria flash VSPI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>12<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>T5<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>BOOT: Deve essere basso per la selezione della tensione di flash<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>13<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>T4<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Sicuro, ma evita di stare vicino ai cristalli se hai I\/O ad alta velocit\u00e0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>14<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>VSPI CLK<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>T6<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>VSPI CLK _ tenere corto se usato per SPI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>15<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>VSPI MOSI<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>T3<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>BOOT\/PSRAM: Alto = Disabilita JTAG\/PSRAM<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>16<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Sicuro; spesso utilizzato per PSRAM CS su WROVER<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>17<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Sicuro - ma non diffuso su molti DevKit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>18<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>VSPI SCK<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>SPI SCK preferito _ basso rumore<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>19<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>VSPI MISO<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>SPI MISO preferito<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>21<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Miglior I\u00b2C SDA \u2013 bassa EMI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>22<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Il miglior I\u00b2C SCL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>23<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>VSPI MOSI<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>SPI MOSI preferito<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>25<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>ADC2_8<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Uscita DAC1; sicura per controllo analogico<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>26<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>ADC2_9<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Uscita DAC2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>27<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>T7<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Ottimo per il power gating (controllo MOSFET)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>32<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>T9<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Tocca T9 \u2013 \u274c evita se la PSRAM \u00e8 abilitata<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>33<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>T8<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>Touch T8 \u2013 affidabile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>34<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>ADC1_6<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>SOLO INPUT - no pull-up\/down, no output<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>35<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>ADC1_7<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>INPUT ONLY<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>36 (VP)<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>ADC1_0<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>alto rumore con Wi-Fi acceso<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>37<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>(interno)<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>Non associato su WROOM - ignora<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>38<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>(interno)<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>Non vincolato _ ignora<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>39 (VN)<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>ADC1_3<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>_<\/td><td>\u221a<\/td><td>abbina con VP per ADC diversi<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08f1511 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08f1511\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>GPIO 6\u201311:<\/strong> <em>FLASH BUS \u2013 NON USARE PER I\/O<\/em><\/p><ul><li>GPIO 34-39: SOLO INGRESSO; NESSUN PULL-UP\/DOWN, NESSUNA USCITA<\/li><li>GPIO 0, 2, 4, 12, 15: AVVIO; VERIFICARE LO STATO ALL'ACCENSIONE<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Leggenda:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>\u221a = Supportato<\/li><li>= Non disponibile \/ non raccomandato<\/li><li>T0\u2013T9 = Canale touch capacitivo<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b8a5eb wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"0b8a5eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-primary wd-title-style-underlined wd-title-size-large text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xxl\">Lista di controllo finale prima dell'inoltro<\/h2> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fff6e82 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fff6e82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Perni di fissaggio (GPIO0, 2, 4, 12, 15):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Verificare gli stati pull-up\/pull-down durante la rampa di VDD da 0V a 3,3V.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Pin flash (GPIO6\u201311):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Assicurarsi che nessun segnale venga instradato su questi pin e coprirli con rame di massa.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Pin ADC (GPIO36\u201339 \/ ADC1\/2):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Mantenere almeno 10 mm di distanza dai regolatori switching.<\/li><li>Evita il routing dello strato superiore direttamente sotto l'ESP32 per minimizzare il rumore.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Pin solo in ingresso (GPIO34\u201339):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Utilizzare esclusivamente per sensori; non configurare mai come uscite.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Sezione RF (GPIO2, 15):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Mantenere una distanza di almeno 15 mm da cristalli e percorsi dell'antenna per ridurre le EMI.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e5baa3 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"5e5baa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-primary wd-title-style-underlined wd-title-size-large text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xxl\">Considerazioni finali<\/h2> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bbfb84 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bbfb84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L'ESP32 \u00e8 notevolmente capace, ma la sua flessibilit\u00e0 \u00e8 un'arma a doppio taglio. Tratta i pin non come I\/O generici, ma come risorse specializzate con modalit\u00e0 di guasto. Progetta per i casi limite e il tuo prodotto funzioner\u00e0 in modo affidabile sul campo.<\/p><p>Suggerimento Pro: Per una progettazione e un assemblaggio di PCB robusti che sfruttino appieno le capacit\u00e0 dell'ESP32, considera la possibilit\u00e0 di collaborare con <a href=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/\">PCBCool<\/a> \u2013 esperti nella produzione e assemblaggio di PCB di alta qualit\u00e0, aiutiamo i vostri prototipi e prodotti ad avere successo dal banco al campo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wd-negative-gap elementor-element elementor-element-1620e06 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1620e06\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-002415e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"002415e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d03ca06 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d03ca06\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c373aa wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"9c373aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-primary wd-title-style-underlined wd-title-size-large text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-xxl\">Domande Frequenti (FAQ)<\/h2> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8ce272 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_accordion\" data-id=\"a8ce272\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion wd-style-default wd-titles-left wd-opener-pos-left wd-opener-style-arrow\" data-state=\"first\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title wd-role-btn wd-active\" data-accordion-index=\"0\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPosso usare tutti i GPIO dell'ESP32 in modo intercambiabile?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wd-accordion-opener\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-content wd-entry-content wd-active\" data-accordion-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No. Molti pin hanno funzioni speciali o vincoli di avvio. Ad esempio, GPIO0, 2, 4, 12, 15 sono pin di strapping; GPIO6-11 sono collegati alla flash SPI; GPIO34-39 sono solo in ingresso.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title wd-role-btn\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2. Quali pin sono sicuri per LED, rel\u00e8 e I\/O generici?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wd-accordion-opener\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-content wd-entry-content\" data-accordion-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I pin come GPIO4, 5, 12\u201315, 18\u201319, 21\u201323, 25\u201327, 32\u201333 sono generalmente sicuri. Evita i pin utilizzati per PSRAM o flash se il tuo modulo presenta queste caratteristiche.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title wd-role-btn\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3. Posso usare i pin ADC mentre il Wi-Fi \u00e8 attivo?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wd-accordion-opener\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-content wd-entry-content\" data-accordion-index=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alcuni pin ADC (ad esempio, GPIO36\/VP) condividono circuiti con la sezione RF. Il rumore del Wi-Fi pu\u00f2 aumentare di oltre 250 mV, causando letture imprecise.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title wd-role-btn\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4. Come scelgo i pin touch-enabled per la produzione?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wd-accordion-opener\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-content wd-entry-content\" data-accordion-index=\"3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preferire T0\u2013T7 (GPIO4, 0, 2, 15, 13, 12, 14, 27). Evitare T9 (GPIO32) se la PSRAM \u00e8 abilitata sui moduli WROVER.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title wd-role-btn\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5. Come posso ridurre la corrente di dispersione in deep sleep?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wd-accordion-opener\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-content wd-entry-content\" data-accordion-index=\"4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prima di entrare nello stato di deep sleep, disattivare le periferiche non utilizzate, impostare i GPIO non utilizzati su output basso e deselezionare i pin ADC.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title wd-role-btn\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPosso contare su pinMode(INPUT_PULLUP) sui pin solo in ingresso?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wd-accordion-opener\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-accordion-content wd-entry-content\" data-accordion-index=\"5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No. I GPIO34\u201339 non hanno resistenze di pull-up\/pull-down interne. L'utilizzo di INPUT_PULLUP verr\u00e0 compilato ma non avr\u00e0 alcun effetto.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef99cc8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ef99cc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13dc714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"13dc714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\t\t\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" id=\"elementor-post-35582-css\" href=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/css\/post-35582.css?ver=1785141096\" type=\"text\/css\" media=\"all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35582\" class=\"elementor elementor-35582\" data-elementor-post-type=\"cms_block\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-negative-gap elementor-element elementor-element-f6159f8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f6159f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a03266c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a03266c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09accce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"09accce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-773405d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"773405d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/George.jpg\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade attachment-full size-full wp-image-35271\" alt=\"Giorgio\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/George.jpg 250w, https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/George-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39912a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39912a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1b555d wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_title\" data-id=\"b1b555d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper wd-set-mb reset-last-child wd-title-color-default wd-title-style-default wd-title-size-default text-left\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner-continer\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"woodmart-title-container title wd-fontsize-l\">George | Ingegnere Elettrico e Specialista di Sistemi Embedded<\/div> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a641fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0a641fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15406f color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d15406f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>George \u00e8 un ingegnere elettrico certificato con esperienza nella progettazione di PCB, sistemi embedded e sviluppo di hardware IoT. Lavora con PCBCool per trasformare l'esperienza ingegneristica reale in guide pratiche per sviluppatori e ingegneri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b70a6bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b70a6bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"custom-btn-wrapper\">\r\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/author\/george\/\" class=\"custom-btn\">Leggi altri articoli di George \u2192<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scopri quali pin GPIO dell'ESP32 sono sicuri, rischiosi o da evitare. Una guida alle pinout testata sul campo che copre l'avvio, il rumore ADC, i conflitti di flash e i suggerimenti per la progettazione di PCB.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":37631,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"slim_seo":{"title":"Pinout ESP32: Quali pin sono sicuri, rischiosi o vietati | PCBCool","description":"Scopri quali pin GPIO dell'ESP32 sono sicuri, rischiosi o da evitare. Una guida alle pinout testata sul campo che copre l'avvio, il rumore ADC, i conflitti di flash e i suggerimenti per la progettazione di PCB."},"footnotes":""},"categories":[113],"tags":[120],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-35129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technical-guides","tag-esp32"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35129"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35129\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/37631"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35129"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35129"},{"taxonomy":"post_folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pcbcool.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_folder?post=35129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}